Its not only the Amazon burning up, Australia is seeing some of the worst forest fires ever, as this will be the third consecutive year of drought. For a very disturbing article about Australia’s worsening water situation, please go here.
While some pundits will say everything from hurricane Dorian to the Brazil rain forest burning up to Australia’s droughts are cyclical and not due to climate change, I beg to differ. Never before have we seen warming of our oceans and the consistency of global forest fires. While we are going into a period of very low solar activity, which can result in more extreme global weather, climate change in my view is at least as important a factor.
Data from thousands of surface monitoring stations worldwide, including ocean buoys in the Pacific and land-based thermometers dotting the continents, show that July 2019 was the warmest month on Earth since at least 1850. Alaska too is shattering all time weather records.
Presently in September, both Brazil and Australia are destined to see some historical hot weather that may begin to affect Australian wheat prices and the global coffee market.
The reasons for the dry Australian weather, has been due to a combination of climate change, the later effects of El Nino and positive Indian Dipole (cool ocean over Indonesia) and most recently, a very unusual stratospheric warming event over Antarctica. To understand more about stratospheric warming, which is very unusual this time of the year, please go here to see the video.
Brazil coffee areas will be watched by commodity traders
This situation above and many of my studies suggest some weather problems for coffee in Brazil. You can see some of the dryness beginning (image below) that may have set a floor in coffee prices, following this major bear market. If you are interested in my full, detailed coffee weather report, which hedge funds and commodity traders subscribe to, I will send you a free copy
Background of what is going on in the Amazon and the Brazil Economy
Often referred to as “the planet’s lungs” because it provides 20% of the world’s oxygen, the Amazon rainforest has been ablaze for weeks. You can see a disturbing video about it, here
While deforestation in the Brazil rain forest is nothing new, satellite photos and first hand reports reveal the situation is rapidly worsening. The main reason is the Brazil government and farmers want to expand cattle, soybeans and coffee acreage. But this is at the expense of destroying millions more acres of trees that typically absorb carbon dioxide and emit oxygen--“The Lungs of our Earth!” . See an interesting article about Brazil’s goal to expand it exports of cattle
According to 2017 statistics, Over the past 25 years, the agribusiness sector in Brazil has grown consistently, reaching a $80 billion trade surplus in 2017, while all other sectors combined accumulated a $55 billion deficit. In the same year, agricultural products accounted for approximately 45-48 percent of total exports and 20-22 percent of GDP according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply. Brazilian agribusiness is vital to Brazil’s economic outlook.
Brazil is today among the three most significant producers and exporters of food commodities in the world, and is the only tropical country among the leading agricultural producers. Brazilian meat is exported to more than 190 countries worldwide. The country produces four times as much beef as it did in the 1970s, and three times as much pork. Brazil is also the world’s leading exporter of coffee, sugar, orange juice, soybean, poultry, and sugarcane-based ethanol.
Given, the dismal state of the Brazil economy, they want to be the #1 supplier in the world in many agricultural commodities. Hence, their need to expand the production of crops and livestock.
Satellite photos show the extent of Amazon devastation
Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) has so far detected 39,601 fires this year in the Amazon, as reported by The New York Times. While it is currently the dry season in this region, INPE reports that there has been a 79 percent increase in fires from 2018 during the same period.
“Not so long ago it was thought that Amazonian forests and other tropical rainforest regions were completely immune to fires thanks to the high moisture content of the undergrowth beneath the protection of the canopy tree cover. But the severe droughts of 1997-98, 2005, 2010, and currently a large number of wildfires across northern Brazil have forever changed this perception,” Carlos Peres, a biologist at University of East Anglia, said in a statement.
According to CITYLAB, “The forces behind this carbon catastrophe alive are manifold, and human-made: a combination of anthropogenic climate change, which catalyzed three once-in-a-century droughts in the past 15 years; a land-ravenous cattle industry, fueled by the West’s endless appetite for cheap beef; and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, who’s rolled back environmental protections and allowed loggers to set fires with impunity. (An avid deforester, Bolsonaro has jokingly nicknamed himself “Captain Chainsaw.”) The weather has been dry, but INPE scientists told CNN that in all, 99 percent of the fires were the result of human actions, “either on purpose or by accident.”
African Dust and Carbon Monoxide from Amazon could affect the Hurricane season
The weak El Nino we had has been weakening even further. When this happens, shear in the Atlantic lessens, which can enhance the fall hurricane season. We have been seeing this happening in late August and early September. The first image you see shows the Ocean heat content and why Florida and perhaps part of the east coast this fall, could be under the gun from hurricanes.
There are also some tropical waves and potential hurricanes coming off the coast of Africa as we head deeper into September. However, it is possible that these storms will be less intense than the last couple of seasons for the Gulf Coast, including Texas and areas to the south such as Mexico, etc. due to African dust and dryness moving into the Atlantic from the Amazon. The images both above and below show the effects of Carbon from the Amazon and dust from West Africa.
Forest Fires in Amazon could enhance drought conditions for some agricultural commodities, but reduce hurricanes for Texas/Mexico
My in house weather forecasting program CLIMATECH (below), uses teleconnections such as El Nino/La Nina, and ocean temperatures and weather patterns thousands of miles away to predict weather months in advance.
CLIMATECH reveals a bit more about the dry conditions over the Amazon, prior to hurricane Dorian. You can see for the month of August how dry it has been in the Atlantic (red=below normal rainfall), and that dryness may protect the southern Gulf, Cuba, Puerto Rica and potentially the Yucatan peninsula from hurricanes this fall.
The effects of deforestation on climate, in my opinion, is at least as influential as solar activity on the sun. However, rarely anyone ever talks about it. The dialogue should have started years ago and more pressure needs to be put on countries like Brazil to foster much greater concerns about the health of humanity and our planet.
The next question for commodity traders will be, whether Brazil coffee and soybean regions will see drier spring/summer weather that could take some of these markets out of the doldrums later this year. Right now, the world is awash in both soybeans, coffee and for that matter, many other commodities. Gold and silver have been the lone shining light in the commodity world, brought on by global economic fears and low interest rates in Europe and the United States.
Brazil being one of the top three biggest producers of agricultural commodities in the world, could see their mission of expanding its share of the world agricultural market “back fire”. This could happen if carbon, dust and debris from these forest fires builds a potential dry ridge this fall and winter (Brazil spring/summer), which some computer models are beginning to show.
The map above shows the potential mid September jet stream pattern over South America. The ridge (H) you see is what we call a “blocking high pressure system” that potentially could reduce rainfall heading into the Brazil spring and summer for some crops. There is much debate and concern that the demise of the Brazilian rain forest saps water vapor out of the atmosphere and can potentially threaten crop production. However, there are other climatic factors too that can influence global weather patterns. These are the demise of El Nino and climatic patterns thousands of miles a way. Stay tuned, because if commodity prices such as soybeans, coffee or sugar bottom in the next few months from production issues in Brazil, it could be due to the destruction of the Amazon, more than anything else.–Jim Roemer
The weather over the next few months will play an important role in the development of the Ghana and Ivory Coast cocoa “main crop”, which accounts for more than 60% of world chocolate production. Concerns about disease issues in Ghana and the tail end of an El Nino potentially resulting in a dry west African summer, has, as of this writing created a short covering rally in cocoa. If you are interested in my longer term views about this market, please email me at bestweatherroemer@gmail.com
In the meantime, here is a recent article about Ghana and cocoa production:” I believe that Climate Change and warmer weather in west Africa has been one key reason for the increased risk of Swollen Shoot Virus disease, in which many trees have been and will be continue to cut down to help eradicate the disease”: Jim Roemer
Warmer temps in Africa the last 3 years compared to the period from 1980-2016
Cocoa has been the mainstay of Ghana’s economy for decades, generating about $2 billion in foreign exchange annually and a major contributor to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Now, the ‘national treasure’ might be causing a lot of worry for the West African country as a once-booming cocoa sector is facing a severe plant disease.
In September 2018, Ghana projected cocoa production at 900,000 tonnes but after a few months, the estimate was reviewed and arrived at 850,000, a six percent drop. This reduction was due to both dry weather conditions and most crucially, a disease that might have eaten deep into the country’s cocoa plantation.
The disease, the swollen shoot virus, has led to abnormally shaped pods and a lesser return in production. Although the plant disease is not uncommon across cocoa growing regions in West Africa, the current outbreak in western Ghana is particularly severe, a source told CGTN Africa.
Ghana, the second largest producer of cocoa after Ivory Coast, is looking for measures to curb this economic disaster. This is because, apart from the revenue the sector might be losing, cocoa plays a key role in the economic stability of the country.
The cocoa sector serves as employment opportunities for over one million Ghanaian. Thus, loss of jobs as a result of the problem with the sector will almost leave the country struggling and pose a threat to a rise in the country’s crime rate, which is largely driven by unemployment.
A report by World Bank shows that Ghana already had an increasingly 48 percent of its youths unemployed, and those between 15-24 years do not have jobs. While the government is still battling this epidemic, the cocoa industry sending thousands of people out of jobs would be a huge problem for the country.
Paying extra focus on the global economic relevance of cocoa, Ghana supplies 21 percent of cocoa demand around the world. Countries like South Africa, Tanzania, and some European countries depend on the African nation for its supply. Consequently, a strain in the sector will have an effect on the global level.
More so, the downturn in Ghana’s cocoa may affect the production, price, and regulation of food products made from cocoa such as chocolate, beverages, flavored drinks, etc especially if the producing countries are part of the Ghana cocoa community.
These problems will continue to compound if the government of Ghana doesn’t find solutions to curb this issue. International bodies would be needed to help contribute the expertise needed to produce positive results and hopefully, a solution would be found real quick to save the plummeting situation.
New research seems to be coming out all the time about Greenland and Antarctica seeing more rapid melting. Yes, there are occasional intrusions of cold weather, as seen this week across the Midwest and East (Polar Vortex), but when 90% of all “educated” scientists agree about this problem, action needs to be taken seriously to save our planet.
Here are some excerpts (below) from a recent article in the NY Times.
Between 60 and 90 percent of the world’s fresh water is frozen in the ice sheets of Antarctica, a continent roughly the size of the United States and Mexico combined. If all that ice melted, it would be enough to raise the world’s sea levels by roughly 200 feet.
Antarctica is not the only contributor to sea level rise. Greenland lost an estimated 1 trillion tons of ice between 2011 and 2014. And as oceans warm, their waters expand and occupy more space, also raising sea levels. The melting ice and warming waters have all been primarily driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Last spring, I put out a weather forecast, that I felt that the 2018 hurricane season would be less active than usual. One main reason for this forecast was due to model predictions that El Nino would form, which normally shears out tropical systems before they become giants. In addition, cool waters to the west of Africa (which has resulted in record large cocoa crops in Ivory Coast and Ghana, helping to send chocolate prices in the tank this last year), tends to limit tropical wave formation. As we all know however, Hurricane Florence and Michael formed and caused major devastation once again. The reasons for more intense and frequent storms are up for debate, but global warming “may play a role.” This last summer and fall, part of the factors that formed Florence and Michael were because El Nino did not formed and something we call the loop current was warmer and stronger than originally predicted.
I have been forecasting hurricanes for 25 years , as farmers, hedge funds and others have depended on my forecasts. But this last summer, I was initially a bit fooled. The loop current was a main reason that hurricane Michael got so intense, so quickly.
Much more detail about hurricane formation, climate change, etc. will be discussed on January 25th, here in Sarasota. Please register for only $50-lunch included.
Here are excerpts from an article posted on the Cumberland Advisors web site regarding Climate Change, hurricanes and the upcoming conference–Jim Roemer
Sarasota Climate Change Conference–Jan 25, 2019
Bob Bunting will be a keynote speaker at the January 25th GIC-USFSM conference, Adapting to a Changing Climate: Challenges & Opportunities, to be held at the University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee. He is one of the organizers. He was a speaker at the previous conference on this topic and explained why we need to thank the mountains in Cuba for saving us from a catastrophic cat 5 hurricane hit. The conference presentations lineup can be seen here: http://usfsm.edu/climate
Is Climate Warming Creating More Dangerous Hurricanes?
Two Hard-Hitting Hurricane Seasons
Last year was a September to remember in the US as far as hurricanes go. First, Harvey hit Texas with 130-mph winds and thundering rains totaling up to 60 inches in places, setting all-time US rainfall records. Next, Irma created havoc across the Caribbean and Florida as the strongest Atlantic hurricane on record, with 185-mph sustained winds that leveled islands and nearly created a nightmare scenario in Florida. And of course no one will forget Maria, which hit an ill-prepared Puerto Rico with catastrophic results.
From June through August the 2018 hurricane season yielded a slightly elevated number of storms, but all were weak. Elevated wind shear, a near-record cold Atlantic Ocean, and Sahara dust clouds combined to lull us to sleep – that is, until Florence formed in September off the African coast, just as Irma had. This time the track was more northwest, across thousands of miles of open water. Finally, Florence hit a patch of warm water, found low wind shear, and fought off the dust. The result was the first major hurricane of 2018 and one that had a clear shot at the Carolina coast.
Packing 140-mph winds after a 24-hour cycle of super-rapid intensification, Florence was not a storm to discount. The Carolinas are a magnet for Atlantic hurricanes: Think Hazel, Hugo, Gloria, and Donna, among others. But what made Florence even more of a threat was both human denial and the natural slope of the continental shelf, which is shallow and thus amplifies storm surge, especially for storms coming into the coast at right angles. Usually storms approach from the south, not from the east. It makes a difference. Florence came in perpendicular to the coast and acted much like a plow pushing the water at the coast, creating a large storm surge even as the storm itself weakened, striking with top winds of 106 mph.
Like Harvey, this massive storm ground to a halt just as it was making landfall. As with Harvey, record rains pelted North and South Carolina for days, dumping trillions of gallons of water on ground already saturated from a very wet summer. With storm surge and 30+ inches of record-setting rainfall, epic flooding resulted. Many rivers crested at levels that are hit only in a 1000-year flood, inflicting widespread major flooding that continued for weeks and killed not only people but millions of animals, creating billions in losses.
Finally, it was October 2018, and many began to think we were done with hurricanes. After all, at this point, although there had been many weak tropical storms and hurricanes, there had been only one major storm, and now Florence was out of the news.
Back in June, the Sarasota magazine published a nice summary of hurricanes, and I was pleased to be part of the spread of articles. Here is an excerpt from the discussion of Sarasota and hurricanes:
“Sarasota is more vulnerable to storms – like Wilma or Charley – that form in the Caribbean and enter the Gulf of Mexico, usually early or late in hurricane season. (The most perilous time for us, Bunting says, is the first two weeks of October.) But even those storms rarely hit our stretch of the west coast. Because of the shape of Florida’s land mass and atmospheric factors related to the rotation of the earth, they tend instead to make landfall to the south, often around Naples, and travel east across Florida, or to curve north and hit the northern Gulf Coast.
“Does this mean we can breathe easy? Hardly, says Bunting, who confesses, ‘I couldn’t sleep’ during the days that Irma threatened our coast. ‘All it takes is one,’ he says. ‘Only one.’”
Sure enough, in the second week of October a weak tropical system emerged south of Cuba, in the area climatologically favorable for late-season hurricane formation. This worrying development was made even more scary by a very warm loop current in the Gulf of Mexico, which was moving warmer than normal sea-surface temperatures off the West Florida Centennial Shelf northward to a position near the Big Bend region of Florida. Tropical Storm Michael entered the Gulf, and as it moved almost due north, it began to strengthen.
At first a Category 1 hurricane, Michael soon sucked energy from the warm loop current and intensified with a bang! During the next 24 hours the storm churned northwest of Sarasota toward Mexico Beach in northwest Florida. The Category 1 storm exploded to a very strong Category 4 with 155-mph winds; and the eye wall, surrounding a pinpoint eye, struck Mexico Beach and surroundings like a large tornado, complete with a storm surge. Wiping the Earth’s surface clean at the impact point, Michael registered the third lowest pressure ever recorded in the eye of a US hurricane making landfall – 919 mb. Imagine the panic of people watching the radar images like the one below as the storm approached the beach.
The full article about this topic and the influence Climate Change and global warming has on sea level rise and hurricane formation can be found here for you to download
Once again, please attend this conference in Sarasota on January 25th. Sign up is only $50 for what promises to be a great event with wonderful speakers and should be “eye opening” of what the real facts are about Climate Change. Register here
A cold winter is on tap for the United States, but that does not mitigate the long-term effects of a warming planet, rising sea levels, and the destruction of reefs around the globe. While China and other countries are taking measures to adapt to global warming, the Trump Administration better get its act together, especially given the recent government report about Climate Change (see below).
In the meantime to find out how you can trade stocks and commodities on what will be one of the coldest winters in years in the United States, please click here
Jim Roemer
November 23 at 2:00 PM
The federal government on Friday released a long-awaited report with an unmistakable message: The impacts of climate change, from deadly wildfires to increasingly debilitating hurricanes and heat waves, are already battering the United States, and the danger of more such catastrophes is worsening.
The report’s authors, who represent numerous federal agencies, say they are more certain than ever that climate change poses a severe threat to Americans’ health and pocketbooks, as well as to the country’s infrastructure and natural resources. And while it avoids policy recommendations, the report’s sense of urgency and alarm stand in stark contrast to the lack of any apparent plan from President Trump to tackle the problems, which, according to the government he runs, are increasingly dire.
The congressionally mandated document — the first of its kind issued during the Trump administration — details how climate-fueled disasters and other types of worrying changes are becoming more commonplace throughout the country and how much worse they could become in the absence of efforts to combat global warming.
Already, western mountain ranges are retaining much less snow throughout the year, threatening water supplies below them. Coral reefs in the Caribbean, Hawaii, Florida and the United States’ Pacific territories are experiencing severe bleaching events. Wildfires are devouring ever-larger areas during longer fire seasons. And the country’s sole Arctic state, Alaska, is seeing a staggering rate of warming that has upended its ecosystems, from once ice-clogged coastlines to increasingly thawing permafrost tundras.
The National Climate Assessment’s publication marks the government’s fourth comprehensive look at climate-change impacts on the United States since 2000. The last came in 2014. Produced by 13 federal departments and agencies and overseen by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the report stretches well over 1,000 pages and draws more definitive, and in some cases more startling, conclusions than earlier versions.
The authors argue that global warming “is transforming where and how we live and presents growing challenges to human health and quality of life, the economy, and the natural systems that support us.” And they conclude that humans must act aggressively to adapt to current impacts and mitigate future catastrophes “to avoid substantial damages to the U.S. economy, environment, and human health and well-being over the coming decades.”
“The impacts we’ve seen the last 15 years have continued to get stronger, and that will only continue,” said Gary Yohe, a professor of economics and environmental studies at Wesleyan University who served on a National Academy of Sciences panel that reviewed the report. “We have wasted 15 years of response time. If we waste another five years of response time, the story gets worse. The longer you wait, the faster you have to respond and the more expensive it will be.”
That urgency is at odds with the stance of the Trump administration, which has rolled back several Obama-era environmental regulations and incentivized the production of fossil fuels. Trump also has said he plans to withdraw the nation from the Paris climate accord and questioned the science of climate change just last month, saying on CBS’s “60 Minutes” that “I don’t know that it’s man-made” and that the warming trend “could very well go back.”
Furthermore, as the Northeast faced a cold spell this week, Trump tweeted, “Whatever happened to Global Warming?” This shows a misunderstanding that climate scientists have repeatedly tried to correct — a confusion between daily weather fluctuations and long-term climate trends.
The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Friday’s report. However, the administration last year downplayed a separate government report calling human activity the dominant driver of global warming, saying in a statement that “the climate has changed and is always changing.”
Given that history, some of the scores of scientists and federal officials who spent months working on the detailed document were frustrated, but not surprised, that the administration chose to release it on the day after Thanksgiving — typically one of the slowest news days of the year. Several people involved in the report said its release originally had been planned for early December, but after a behind-the-scenes debate in recent weeks about when to make it public, administration officials settled on Black Friday.
“This report draws a direct connection between the warming atmosphere and the resulting changes that affect Americans’ lives, communities, and livelihoods, now and in the future,” the document reads, concluding that “the evidence of human-caused climate change is overwhelming and continues to strengthen, that the impacts of climate change are intensifying across the country, and that climate-related threats to Americans’ physical, social, and economic well-being are rising.”
The report finds that the continental United States already is 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it was 100 years ago, surrounded by seas that are on average nine inches higher and being racked by far worse heat waves than the nation experienced only 50 years ago.
But those figures offer only the prelude to even more potentially severe impacts. The report suggests that by 2050, the country could see as much as 2.3 additional degrees of warming in the continental United States. By that same year, in a high-end global-warming scenario, coral reefs in Hawaii and the U.S. Pacific territories could be bleaching every single year — conditions in which their survival would be in severe doubt. A record-warm year like 2016 would become routine.
Key crops, including corn, wheat and soybeans, would see declining yields as temperatures rise during the growing season. The city of Phoenix, which experienced about 80 days per year over 100 degrees around the turn of the century, could see between 120 and 150 such days per year by the end of the century, depending on the pace of emissions.
And those who face the most suffering? Society’s most vulnerable, including “lower-income and other marginalized communities,” researchers found.
In another major step, the authors of the new report have begun to put dollar signs next to projected climate damages, specifically within the United States.
In a worst-case climate-change scenario, the document finds, labor-related losses by the year 2090 due to extreme heat — the sort that makes it difficult to work outdoors or seriously lowers productivity — could amount to an estimated $155 billion annually. Deaths from temperature extremes could take an economic toll of $141 billion per year in the same year, while coastal property damages could total $118 billion yearly, researchers found.
Of course, mitigating climate change would also mitigate these damages, by as much as 58 percent in the case of high-temperature related deaths, the report finds.
The categorical tone of the new assessments reflects scientists’ growing confidence in the ability to detect the role of a changing climate in individual extreme events, such as heat waves and droughts. At the same time, increasingly sophisticated computer simulations now allow them to project future changes in highly specific regions of the country.
For many Americans, however, no simulations are necessary. The effects of climate change are already playing out daily.
“We don’t debate who caused it. You go outside, the streets are flooded. What are you going to do about it? It’s our reality nowadays,” said Susanne Torriente, who also reviewed the report. She is chief resilience officer for Miami Beach, which is spending hundreds of millions of dollars to adapt to rising sea levels. “We need to use this best available data so we can start making decisions to start investing in our future … It shouldn’t be that complicated or that partisan.”
The report is being released at the same time as another major federal climate study that, in contrast, actually reaches a rather more positive conclusion — at least with respect to what can be done about climate change.
The Second State of the Carbon Cycle Report, which examines all of North America (not just the United States), finds that over the last decade, greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels have actually declined by 1 percent per year. The result is that while North America emitted 24 percent of the world’s emissions in 2004, that was down to 17 percent in 2013. This has occurred in part thanks to improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency, the growth of renewable energy, and the swapping of coal burning for natural gas.
“For the globe, we’re still going up, but regionally, there have been these changes in how humans have been acting that have caused our emissions to go down,” said Ted Schuur, an expert on permafrost carbon at Northern Arizona University who contributed to the report, the follow-up to an initial effort released in 2007.
The report concludes that it appears possible to grow economies — at least for the United States, Mexico, and Canada — without increasing overall emissions of greenhouse gases. That would be a very important signal for the ability of the world to slow climate change over the course of the century. However, it doesn’t mean any lessening of climate change impacts within the United States. As long as global emissions continue, the risk of impacts here continue, because carbon dioxide circulates around the globe.
The release of the National Climate Assessment comes on the heels of other recent global warnings, most notably a report by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, finding that the world would have to make unprecedented changes in the next decade to remain below 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 degrees Celsius) of total warming above preindustrial levels.
The last time a U.S. National Climate Assessment was published, in 2014, Obama administration officials took the document seriously, with top policymakers heralding its release and embracing its findings.
“These tailored findings help translate scientific insights into practical, usable knowledge that can help decision-makers and citizens anticipate and prepare for specific climate-change impacts,” White House science adviser John Holdren and NOAA administrator Kathryn Sullivan wrote at the time.
On the other side of the country, at least one well known atmospheric scientist this week was wrestling not with the contents of a climate report, but with the changing view from his own window.
“Normally, I can see San Francisco Bay from my home. Today and for the past few days, I could not see the bay for all the smoke from the Paradise fire. Fires that approach the size of the Paradise fire are most common in the hot dry years — the kind of years that we are likely to see many more of,” said Ken Caldeira, a senior researcher at the Carnegie Institution for Science.
“We are trained to be skeptical and resist jumping to quick conclusions, but looking at the smoke I could not help but think, ‘This is climate change. This is what climate change looks like.’”—
HELPING YOU MAKE THE BEST INVESTMENT DECISIONS BASED ON THE WEATHER
We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it.
